Cloud computing services for resource accounting confidently provide, host, and manage services that can be rented out to remote consumers, whether individuals or businesses. These comprehensive services range from offering fundamental computing resources like bandwidth, storage, and computational power to advanced enterprise applications such as Software as a Service (SaaS).
The prevailing business model for charging these services is a pay-per-use basis. Under this model, consumers utilize resources as per their requirements and are subsequently billed for the resources used at the end of a defined period. Ideally, consumers should be presented with a transparent resource accounting model that comprehensively identifies all factors considered when calculating consumption charges.Providing consumers with access to their resource usage data is essential for effective IT budget planning, billing awareness, and personalized service automation. Additionally, offering this data benefits cloud service providers by enabling them to develop tailored user-centric services. Although many providers already offer usage data to their clients, accountability concerns remain.
Accountability Concerns
The resource accounting model for cloud services raises important questions about accountability for measuring resource usage data. This responsibility could fall on the provider, the consumer, or a trusted third party. In the cloud services industry, it is standard for the provider to be solely accountable, much like traditional utility services such as gas and electricity. Unlike traditional utilities, where consumers can use trusted meters to measure usage, there is no equivalent metric for cloud service consumers to track their data usage. Consequently, consumers have no option but to rely on the measurements provided by the service provider.Consumer Side Proposition
Continuing the previous discussion, we are proposing a customer-centric resource accounting model to address the concerns of all involved parties. This model will enable customers to programmatically request and receive billing charge calculations from the service provider. The service provider will be required to respond to these requests. Additionally, a robust customer-centric accounting model will empower customers or a trusted third party to measure the billing charges for cloud services independently. This will enable customers to assess their billing charges accurately, which is a fair practice. We recommend that service providers adopt customer-centric models to facilitate regular checks and promptly address any discrepancies in consumption data.
Inspecting Consumer Centricity of the Resource Accounting Model
Many service providers provide or publish details of their billing information; however, it must be examined whether the detailed information follows the customer-centric notion. We will start with a considerably basic example and see if there is any room for improvement.S3 Amazon
In our investigation, we thoroughly examined the simple S3 cloud storage service provided by Amazon. This service operates on a pay-per-use basis and is marketed as fast, reliable, and cost-effective. However, upon closer inspection, we identified ambiguities in the model that cannot be programmatically queried from Amazon. This highlights that even the most fundamental resource accounting models do not meet the standards of a strong consumer-centric model but align loosely with a weak one. Nevertheless, these uncertainties with S3 can be promptly and efficiently addressed internally with minimal attention. It is strongly recommended for a cloud service provider to integrate a third-party measurement service, allowing customers to access and measure their data usage conveniently.
Limitations
Time zone
The pricing information lacks a specified time zone for the geographical location, leading to uncertainty about the billing cycle. Nevertheless, the Amazon developers’ guide reasonably infers that S3 servers are synchronized to GMT, providing clarity on the billing cycle.Data and metadata
One issue with S3 involves measuring user data. The S3 resource accounting model includes both system metadata and user metadata in addition to the actual data. System metadata is used only by S3, while user metadata is utilized only by the consumer and has a maximum size of 2KB. However, Amazon does not clearly state the actual storage space used by data and metadata.Checkpoints
Amazon says they check how much storage you use at least twice daily, but they don’t say when exactly. When we looked into it, we found out that the checks don’t happen as often as they claim and can happen at any time in the Zulu time zone.So, it’s clear that the cloud service still needs to set clear rules for its operation before we can trust it as a reliable tool for consumers.
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